A Review of the Commercial Uses of Sulphate Minerals from the Titanium Dioxide Pigment Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)

This study was focused on the historical evolution of waste management policy carried out by Spanish industry devoted to titanium dioxide pigments manufacturing for minimising its environmental impact. challenge achieved modifying original chemical process and converting originally dissolved sulphate sulphuric acid present in final streams factory into minerals (melanterite FeSO4·7H2O, szomolnokite FeSO4·H2O, gypsum CaSO4·2H2O). These by-products were physicochemically, mineralogically radiologically characterised order gain basic information subsequent commercial use. Some uses summarised this both ferrous sulphates are as a supplier iron prevent chlorosis, animal food, manufacture cement (to reduce Cr VI), primary flocculants sulphates, magnetite nanoparticle nano-Fe2O3 formation, production concentrate, remediation polluted soils with metals, treatment wastewaters. Red analysed substitute natural cement, construction materials, inhibitor soil erosion, immobilisation heavy metals agricultural carbonation processes.